The Three Temples of Pattan

The Three Temples of Pattan: A Glimpse into Kashmir’s Ancient Glory
In the serene town of Pattan, Baramulla district, stand the remnants of three magnificent temples built during the reign of King Sankaravarman (883–902 AD). These temples—Sankaragaurisvara, Sugandhesa, and Ratnavardhanesa—were dedicated to Lord Shiva and symbolize the rich architectural and spiritual heritage of ancient Kashmir.

1. Sankaragaurisvara Temple
Construction
Built by King Sankaravarman himself, this is the largest and most prominent of the three temples.
Constructed entirely of stone, it showcases Kashmiri temple architecture with trefoil niches, intricate carvings, and a spacious courtyard.
The temple stands on a double base, with one side open and the others adorned with symbolic carvings.
Present State
Much of the structure remains buried due to concerns over water drainage, leaving the plinth, peristyle, and shrine largely unexplored.
A portion of the temple, including the sanctum and portico, has survived, featuring niches with depictions of Shiva-lingas and other figures.
Damaged by earthquakes and invasions, it is now in ruins but retains its grandeur.
2. *Sugandhesa Temple
Construction*
Named after Queen Sugandha, this temple was built near Srinagar.
Smaller than Sankaragaurisvara, it shares similar architectural elements, including a trefoil arch design and a shrine standing on a double base.
The entrance features a portico and leads to a 156-square-foot shrine surrounded by cells in a peristyle.
Present State
The temple is largely in ruins, with its stones scattered across the site.
Sculptural elements, including images and unfinished carvings, highlight the artistic skill of the era.
Although damaged, the boundary walls and base structure remain intact, reflecting its original layout.


3. Ratnavardhanesa Temple
Construction
Built by King Sankaravarman’s minister, this temple was named Ratnavardhanesa.
Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it featured a shrine similar in design to the other two temples, with porches, cells, and a chamber for the linga.
The materials used included large stone blocks, some repurposed from earlier structures like the Parihasapura temple.
Present State
Very little remains of this temple, making it the most obscure of the three.
Archaeological findings suggest it was part of a larger temple complex, with interconnected reservoirs and a spring discovered nearby.
Common Features of the Three Temples
Architecture:
The temples exhibit similar designs with porches, a central shrine, and a square chamber for the Shiva-linga. The trefoil niches and use of iron clamps for structural stability are notable.



Materials:
Massive stone blocks were used for construction, with wood possibly employed for doors.

Reservoirs and Spring:
Excavations revealed three water reservoirs and a spring, believed to have supplied water to the temple complex.

Present Challenges
Natural Damage:

Earthquakes, particularly in 1885, caused severe destruction.
Weathering and lack of drainage have further deteriorated the structures.
Invasions:

Historical accounts suggest the temples were targeted by Sikandar Butshikan, who may have used gunpowder to demolish them.
Fragments of these temples were reportedly repurposed for other structures.

Current Condition:

Sankaragaurisvara and Sugandhesa temples are partially intact, with scattered ruins hinting at their former glory.
Ratnavardhanesa is nearly untraceable, with only minor remnants discovered.
Future Prospects
Tourism:
These temples are listed among the 15 significant heritage sites in Kashmir, attracting history enthusiasts and tourists.

Conservation:
Efforts are needed to restore and preserve these temples, including detailed archaeological studies and protective measures.

Cultural Revival:
Recognizing the temples’ historical and spiritual significance can help revive interest in Kashmir’s ancient heritage.


The three temples of Pattan stand as silent witnesses to the cultural and architectural brilliance of ancient Kashmir. Despite their ruined state, they continue to inspire awe and reverence. Preserving and restoring these temples is not just an act of heritage conservation but a tribute to the spiritual and artistic legacy of the region.