Pandrethan Meruvarddhanaswami Temple

Pandrethan Temple: A Glimpse into Ancient Kashmir
The Pandrethan Temple, an architectural marvel in the heart of Srinagar, Kashmir, stands as a testament to the region's rich cultural and religious heritage. Situated amidst serene surroundings, the temple is encircled by a water tank bordered by willow and Chinar trees, adding to its mystical allure. The name "Pandrethan" is believed to be a corruption of the Sanskrit term "Puranadhisthana," which translates to "old capital," indicating the historical importance of the site.

History and Origins
The Pandrethan Temple is believed to have been constructed during the reign of King Partha (10th century CE) by his minister Meruvardhana, who dedicated the structure to Lord Vishnu. However, the presence of Shaivite imagery, such as a seated figure resembling Lakulisa (an incarnation of Shiva), suggests that the temple may have originally been a Shiva shrine.

Historical records also indicate that in 1135 CE, Rihana, a minister under King Jayasimha, erected a Shiva temple, further cementing the site's association with Shaivism. Over centuries, the temple witnessed destruction caused by natural calamities and invasions, with its structures partially repurposed for other constructions, including a mosque nearby.

Architectural Marvel
The Pandrethan Temple is an exquisite example of Kashmiri temple architecture with distinct features reflecting its antiquity and sophistication:

Structure and Style:

Built in the mandapa style, the temple is open on four sides, with doorways in the north, east, and west and a window to the south.
The sanctum is a square cella with a pyramidal roof comprising 12 stone courses. The roof's monotony is broken by an ornamental band of dentils dividing it horizontally into two sections.
Trefoil ventilation apertures in the upper pyramid enhance air circulation and natural light.
Carvings and Decorations:

The roof's lower triangles depict Yakshas holding garlands, while the upper triangles feature flying figures with dynamic poses, showcasing the artistic finesse of the period.
The ceiling comprises nine stones arranged in three overlapping squares, forming a dome-like structure.
Material and Craftsmanship:

Constructed using sandstone blocks with precise masonry, the temple's durability is a testament to the skill of ancient Kashmiri artisans.
Present Condition and Maintenance
Despite its historical significance, the Pandrethan Temple has faced the ravages of time. An earthquake caused the stone courses of the roof to tilt, giving the structure an appearance of sorrowful decline. Fragments of statues, including colossal Shiva lingas and remnants of Buddhist-style figures, are scattered nearby, reflecting the temple's multi-religious past.

The surrounding area now houses an Army cantonment, and the temple is maintained by the Army, ensuring the site remains clean and accessible. However, it sees only a few visitors today.

Legacy and Challenges
Pandrethan Temple, once a vibrant center of worship, now stands as a relic of a bygone era. While its origins as a Vishnu or Shiva temple remain debated, its architectural grandeur and historical significance are undisputed. Scholars and explorers like Charles Baron Hugel have noted Buddhist influences, though this theory is contested.

As the last standing relic of ancient Srinagar, the temple symbolizes the resilience of Kashmir's cultural heritage amidst the onslaught of time and history. Efforts to preserve and promote the site could help revive interest in this architectural gem, ensuring its legacy endures for generations to come.